System and method for providing autonomous photography and videography

ABSTRACT

An aerial system, including a processing system, an optical system, an actuation system and a lift mechanism, includes an autonomous photography and/or videography system 70, implemented, at least in part, by the processing system 22, the optical system 26, the actuation system 28 and the lift mechanism 32. The autonomous photograph and/or videography system performs the steps of establishing a desired flight trajectory, detecting a target, controlling the flight of the aerial system as a function of the desired flight trajectory relative to the target using the lift mechanism and controlling the camera to capture pictures and/or video.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/479,766, filed Mar. 31, 2017, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the aerial system field, and morespecifically, to a system and method for providing automatic operationof an aerial system to follow an established trajectory and controllablyprovide photographic and videographic features.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently, there are two general approaches in allowing a user tocontrol a drone to take photos and videos. First, the drone may becontroller using a remote controller (RC) or other mobile device, suchas a mobile phone or tablet. In these types of systems, a user mustcontrol the drone manually through physical interaction with the RC ormobile device. This approach provides several shortcomings. First, itrequires hours or days or even months of practice for a user to becomeproficient in controlling the drone. Additionally, not only does theuser have to control operation, i.e., flight, of the drone, but the usermust also control the camera to capture pictures and/or video. Thus, thequality of the image or video is limited by not only the skills ofcontrolling the drone but also the controller's photography orvideography experience.

The second approach is an auto-follow feature. Using the auto-followfeature, the drone or aerial system chooses and locks onto a person andautomatically captures pictures and/or video. Generally, this is theperson that is operating the RC or mobile device, i.e., the “owner”, butmay also be another person, such as a person wearing or being associatedwith a tracking device. This approach also has shortcomings. In general,the movement or drone instructions are relatively simple, i.e., followthe user while capturing pictures and/or video. Using this approach, theresulting pictures and/or video are limited, i.e., always the same or asingle view. For example, this approach usually results in picturesand/or video that consists of all front-view, back-view or side-viewpictures and/or video of the user. Furthermore, the distance between thedrone and the target person is generally unchanged. That is, all of thepictures and/or video are either distant-shots, mid-shot or close-shot.Furthermore, the interaction is also not intuitive. The user needs tooperate the drone on the smart phone and/or carry a device for tracking.Furthermore, the auto-follow feature is generally focused on, or lockedonto, one person. This interaction is always locked to one person, andthus, does not work well for capturing images and/or video of groups ofpeople, such as, dancers, people at a large gathering, team athletics,e.g., basketball.

The present invention is aimed at one or more of the problems identifiedabove.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, an aerial system is provided.The aerial system includes a body, a lift mechanism coupled to the body,a camera and a processing system. The camera is controllably mounted tothe body by an actuation system. The processing system is coupled to thelift mechanism, the camera, and the actuation system and is configuredto establish a desired flight trajectory, to detect a target, and tocontrol the flight of the aerial system as a function of the desiredflight trajectory relative to the target using the lift mechanism. Theprocessing system is further configured to control the camera to capturepictures and/or video.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method for operating anaerial system is provided. The aerial system includes a body, a liftmechanism, a camera, and a body by an actuation system. The methodincluding the steps of establishing, by the processing system, a desiredflight trajectory; detecting a target; and controlling, by theprocessing system, the flight of the aerial system as a function of thedesired flight trajectory relative to the target using the liftmechanism. The method also includes the step of controlling, by theprocessing system, the camera to capture pictures and/or video.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an aerial system and a systemfor controlling the aerial system, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is a picture of an exemplary aerial system, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a picture of an exemplary optical system, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a second schematic representation of the aerial system,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a third schematic representation of the system for controllingthe aerial system and the aerial system, according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an aerial system including anobstacle detection and avoidance system, according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an autonomous photography and/orvideography system, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method associated with the autonomousphotography and/or videography system of FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description of the embodiments of the invention is notintended to limit the invention to these embodiments, but rather toenable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.With reference to the drawings and in operation, system 10 forcontrolling an aerial system 12, for example a drone, is provided. Thesystem 10 may include a remote device 14 with a control client 16. Thecontrol client 16 provides a user interface (see below) that allows auser 18 to send instructions to the aerial system 12 to controloperation thereof. As discussed in more depth below, the aerial system12 includes one or more cameras (see below) for obtaining picturesand/or video which may be sent to the remote device 14 and/or stored inmemory on the aerial system 12.

The aerial system 12 may include one or more sensors (see below) fordetecting or sensing operations or actions, i.e., expressions, performedby the user 18 to control operation of the aerial system 12 (see below)without direct or physical interaction with the remote device 14. Incontroller-free embodiments, the entire control loop from start (releaseand hover) to finish (grab and go), as well as controlling motion of theaerial system 12 and trigger of events, e.g., taking pictures and video,are performed solely on board the aerial system 12 without involvementof the remote device 14. In some such embodiments or systems 10, aremote device 14 may not be provided or included.

In some embodiments, the remote device 14 includes one or more sensorsthat detect or sense operation or actions performed by the user 18 tocontrol operation of the aerial system 12 without physical interactionwith the remote device 14 under certain conditions, for example, whenthe aerial system 12 is too far from the user 18.

In one aspect of the present invention, the aerial system 12 includes aprocessing system that is configured to establish a desired flighttrajectory, to detect a target, and to control the flight of the aerialsystem as a function of the desired flight trajectory relative to thetarget using the lift mechanism. The processing system is furtherconfigured to control the camera to capture pictures and/or video.

Overview of the System 10 and the Aerial System 12

An exemplary aerial system 12 and control system 10 is shown in FIGS.1-5. The control client 16 of the aerial system 12 functions to receivedata from the aerial system 12, including video images and/or video, andcontrol visual display on the remote device 14. The control client 16may also receive operation instructions and facilitate aerial system 12remote control based on operation instructions. The control client 16 ispreferably configured to execute on a remote device 14, but canalternatively be configured to execute on the aerial system 12 or on anyother suitable system. As discussed above, and more fully below, theaerial system 12 may be controlled solely without direct or physicalinteraction with the remote device 14.

The control client 16 can be a native application (e.g., a mobileapplication), a browser application, an operating system application, orbe any other suitable construct.

The remote device 14 executing the control client 16 functions todisplay the data (e.g., as instructed by the control client 16), receiveuser inputs, compute the operation instructions based on the user inputs(e.g., as instructed by the control client 16), send operationinstructions to the aerial system 12, store control client (16)information (e.g., associated aerial system identifiers, security keys,user account information, user account preferences, etc.), or performany other suitable functionality. The remote device 14 can be a userdevice (e.g., smartphone, tablet, laptop, etc.), a networked serversystem, or be any other suitable remote computing system. The remotedevice 14 can include one or more: outputs, inputs, communicationsystems, sensors, power sources, processing systems (e.g., CPU, memory,etc.), or any other suitable component. Outputs can include: displays(e.g., LED display, OLED display, LCD, etc.), audio speakers, lights(e.g., LEDs), tactile outputs (e.g., a tixel system, vibratory motors,etc.), or any other suitable output. Inputs can include: touchscreens(e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), a mouse, a keyboard, a motionsensor, a microphone, a biometric input, a camera, or any other suitableinput. Communication systems can include wireless connections, such asradios supporting: long-range systems (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, WLAN,WiMAX, microwave, IR, radio frequency, etc.), short-range systems (e.g.,BLE, BLE long range, NFC, ZigBee, RF, audio, optical, etc.), or anyother suitable communication system. Sensors can include: orientationsensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.), ambient light sensors,temperature sensors, pressure sensors, optical sensors, acousticsensors, or any other suitable sensor. In one variation, the remotedevice 14 can include a display (e.g., a touch-sensitive displayincluding a touchscreen overlaying the display), a set of radios (e.g.,Wi-Fi, cellular, BLE, etc.), and a set of orientation sensors. However,the remote device 14 can include any suitable set of components.

The aerial system 12 functions to fly within a physical space, capturevideo, stream the video in near-real time to the remote device 14, andoperate based on operation instructions received from the remote device14.

The aerial system 12 can additionally process the video (e.g., videoframes) prior to streaming the video to the remote device 14 and/oraudio received from an onboard audio sensor; generate and automaticallyoperate based on its own operation instructions (e.g., to automaticallyfollow a subject); or perform any other suitable functionality. Theaerial system 12 can additionally function to move the optical sensor'sfield of view within the physical space. For example, the aerial system12 can control macro movements (e.g., large FOV changes, on the order ofmeter adjustments), micro movements (e.g., small FOV changes, on theorder of millimeter or centimeter adjustments), or any other suitablemovement.

The aerial system 12 can perform certain functionality based on onboardprocessing of sensor data from onboard sensors. This functionality mayinclude, but is not limited to:

-   -   Take-off and landing;    -   Owner recognition;    -   Facial recognition;    -   Speech recognition;    -   Facial expression and gesture recognition; and,    -   Control, e.g., motion, of the aerial system based on owner,        facial, expression and gesture recognition, and speech        recognition.

As shown in FIGS. 2-5, the aerial system 12 (e.g., drone) can include abody 20, a processing system 22, a communication system 24, an opticalsystem 26, and an actuation mechanism 28 mounting the optical system 26to the body 20. The aerial system 12 can additionally or alternativelyinclude lift mechanisms, sensors, power system, or any other suitablecomponent (see below).

The body 20 of the aerial system 12 functions to mechanically protectand/or retain the aerial system components. The body 20 can define alumen, be a platform, or have any suitable configuration. The body 20can be enclosed, open (e.g., a truss), or have any suitableconstruction. The body 20 can be made of metal, plastic (e.g., polymer),carbon composite, or any other suitable material. The body 20 can definea longitudinal axis, a lateral axis, a transverse axis, a front end, aback end (e.g., opposing the front end along the longitudinal axis), atop, a bottom (e.g., opposing the top along the transverse axis), or anyother suitable reference. In one variation, while in flight, atransverse axis of the body 20 can be substantially parallel a gravityvector (e.g., perpendicular a ground plane) and the body's longitudinaland lateral axes can be substantially perpendicular the gravity vector(e.g., parallel the ground plane). However, the body 20 can be otherwiseconfigured.

The processing system 22 of the aerial system 12 functions to controlaerial system operation. The processing system 22 can: receive operationinstructions from the communication system 24, interpret the operationinstructions into machine instructions, and control aerial systemcomponents based on the machine instructions (individually or as a set).The processing system 22 can additionally or alternatively process theimages recorded by the camera, stream images to the remote device 14(e.g., in real- or near-real time), or perform any other suitablefunctionality. The processing system 22 can include one or more:processors 30 (e.g., CPU, GPU, etc.), memory (e.g., Flash, RAM, etc.),or any other suitable processing component. In one variation, theprocessing system 22 can additionally include dedicated hardware thatautomatically processes the images (e.g., de-warps the image, filtersthe image, crops the image, etc.) prior to transmission to the remotedevice 14. The processing system 22 is preferably connected to theactive components of the aerial system 12 and mounted to the body 20,but can alternatively be otherwise related to aerial system components.

The communication system 24 of the aerial system 12 functions to sendand/or receive information from the remote device 14. The communicationsystem 24 is preferably connected to the processing system 22, such thatthe communication system 24 sends and/or receives data form theprocessing system 22, but can alternatively be connected to any othersuitable component. The aerial system 12 can include one or morecommunication systems 24 of one or more types. The communication system24 can include wireless connections, such as radios supporting:long-range systems (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, WLAN, WiMAX, microwave, IR,radio frequency, etc.), short-range systems (e.g., BLE, BLE long range,NFC, ZigBee, RF, audio, optical, etc.), or any other suitablecommunication system 24. The communication system 24 preferably sharesat least one system protocol (e.g., BLE, RF, etc.) with the remotedevice 14, but can alternatively communicate with the remote device 14via an intermediary communication system (e.g., a protocol translationsystem). However, the communication system 24 can be otherwiseconfigured.

The optical system 26 of the aerial system 12 functions to record imagesof the physical space proximal the aerial system 12. The optical system26 is preferably mounted to the body 20 via the actuation mechanism 28,but can alternatively be statically mounted to the body 20, removablymounted to the body 20, or otherwise mounted to the body 20. The opticalsystem 26 is preferably mounted to the front end of the body 20, but canoptionally be mounted to the bottom (e.g., proximal the front), top,back end, or any other suitable portion of the body 20. The opticalsystem 26 is preferably connected to the processing system 30, but canalternatively be connected to the communication system 24 or to anyother suitable system. The optical system 26 can additionally includededicated image processing hardware that automatically processes imagesrecorded by the camera prior to transmission to the processor or otherendpoint. The aerial system 12 can include one or more optical systems26 of same or different type, mounted to the same or different position.In one variation, the aerial system 12 includes a first optical system26, mounted to the front end of the body 20, and a second optical system26, mounted to the bottom of the body 20. The first optical system 26can actuate about a pivotal support, and the second optical system 26can be substantially statically retained relative to the body 20, withthe respective active surface substantially parallel the body bottom.The first optical sensor 36 can be high-definition, while the secondoptical sensor 36 can be low definition. However, the optical system 26can be otherwise configured.

The optical system 26 can include one or more optical sensors 36 (seeFIG. 5). The one or more optical sensors 36 can include: a single lenscamera (e.g., CCD camera, CMOS camera, etc.), a stereo-camera, ahyperspectral camera, a multispectral camera, or any other suitableimage sensor. However, the optical system 26 can be any other suitableoptical system 26. The optical system 26 can define one or more activesurfaces that receive light, but can alternatively include any othersuitable component. For example, an active surface of a camera can be anactive surface of a camera sensor (e.g., CCD sensor, CMOS sensor, etc.),preferably including a regular array of sensor pixels. The camera sensoror other active surface is preferably substantially planar andrectangular (e.g., having a first sensor edge, a second sensor edgeopposing the first sensor edge, and third and fourth sensor edges eachperpendicular to and extending from the first sensor edge to the secondsensor edge), but can alternatively have any suitable shape and/ortopography. The optical sensor 36 can produce an image frame. The imageframe preferably corresponds with the shape of the active surface (e.g.,rectangular, having a first and second frame edge opposing each other,etc.), more preferably defining a regular array of pixel locations, eachpixel location corresponding to a sensor pixel of the active surfaceand/or pixels of the images sampled by the optical sensor 36, but canalternatively have any suitable shape. The image frame preferablydefines aspects of the images sampled by the optical sensor 36 (e.g.,image dimensions, resolution, pixel size and/or shape, etc.). Theoptical sensor 36 can optionally include a zoom lens, digital zoom,fisheye lens, filter, or any other suitable active or passive opticaladjustment. Application of the optical adjustment can be activelycontrolled by the controller, manually controlled by the user 18 (e.g.,wherein the user manually sets the adjustment), controlled by the remotedevice 14, or otherwise controlled. In one variation, the optical system26 can include a housing enclosing the remainder of the optical system26 components, wherein the housing is mounted to the body 20. However,the optical system 26 can be otherwise configured.

The actuation mechanism 28 of the aerial system 12 functions toactionably mount the optical system 26 to the body 20. The actuationmechanism 28 can additionally function to dampen optical sensorvibration (e.g., mechanically stabilize the resultant image),accommodate for aerial system 12 roll, or perform any other suitablefunctionality. The actuation mechanism 28 can be active (e.g.,controlled by the processing system), passive (e.g., controlled by a setof weights, spring elements, magnetic elements, etc.), or otherwisecontrolled. The actuation mechanism 28 can rotate the optical system 26about one or more axes relative to the body 20, translate the opticalsystem 26 along one or more axes relative to the body 20, or otherwiseactuate the optical system 26. The optical sensor(s) 36 can be mountedto the support along a first end, along an optical sensor back (e.g.,opposing the active surface), through the optical sensor body, or alongany other suitable portion of the optical sensor 36.

In one variation, the actuation mechanism 28 can include a motor (notshown) connected to a single pivoted support (e.g., gimbal), wherein themotor pivots the support about the rotational (or gimbal) axis 34 basedon instructions received from the controller. The support is preferablyarranged with the rotational axis substantially parallel the lateralaxis of the body 20, but can alternatively be arranged with therotational axis at any other suitable orientation relative to the body20. The support is preferably arranged within a recessed cavity definedby the body 20, wherein the cavity further encompasses the opticalsensor 36 but can alternatively be arranged along the body 20 exterioror arranged at any other suitable portion of the body 20. The opticalsensor 36 is preferably mounted to the support with the active surfacesubstantially parallel the rotational axis (e.g., with the lateral axis,or axis parallel the lateral axis of the body 20, substantially parallelthe rotational axis), but can alternatively be arranged with the activesurface arranged at any suitable angle to the rotational axis.

The motor is preferably an electric motor, but can alternatively be anyother suitable motor. Examples of electric motors that can be usedinclude: DC motors (e.g., brushed motors), EC motors (e.g., brushlessmotors), induction motor, synchronous motor, magnetic motor, or anyother suitable electric motor. The motor is preferably mounted to thebody 20 (e.g., the body interior), electrically connected to andcontrolled by the processing system 22, and electrically connected toand powered by a power source or system 38. However, the motor can beotherwise connected. The actuation mechanism 28 preferably includes asingle motor-support set, but can alternatively include multiplemotor-support sets, wherein auxiliary motor-support sets can be arrangedorthogonal (or at any other suitable angle to) the first motor-supportset.

In a second variation, the actuation mechanism 28 can include a set ofpivoted supports and weights connected to the optical sensor 36 offsetfrom the optical sensor center of gravity, wherein the actuationmechanism 28 passively stabilizes the optical sensor 36.

A lift mechanism 40 of the aerial system 12 functions to enable aerialsystem flight. The lift mechanism 40 preferably includes a set propellerblades 42 driven by a motor (not shown), but can alternatively includeany other suitable propulsion mechanism. The lift mechanism 40 ispreferably mounted to the body 20 and controlled by the processingsystem 22, but can alternatively be otherwise mounted to the aerialsystem 12 and/or controlled. The aerial system 12 can include multiplelift mechanisms 40. In one example, the aerial system 12 includes fourlift mechanisms 40 (e.g., two pairs of lift mechanisms 40), wherein thelift mechanisms 40 are substantially evenly distributed about theperimeter of the aerial system 12 (e.g., wherein the lift mechanisms 40of each pair oppose each other across the body 20). However, the liftmechanisms 40 can be otherwise configured.

Additional sensors 44 of the aerial system 12 function to record signalsindicative of aerial system operation, the ambient environmentsurrounding the aerial system 12 (e.g., the physical space proximal theaerial system 12), or any other suitable parameter. The sensors 44 arepreferably mounted to the body 20 and controlled by the processingsystem 22, but can alternatively be mounted to any other suitablecomponent and/or otherwise controlled. The aerial system 12 can includeone or more sensors 36, 44. Examples of sensors that can be usedinclude: orientation sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.),ambient light sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, opticalsensors, acoustic sensors (e.g., microphones), voltage sensors, currentsensors, or any other suitable sensor.

The power supply 38 of the aerial system 12 functions to power theactive components of the aerial system 12. The power supply 38 ispreferably mounted to the body 20, and electrically connected to allactive components of the aerial system 12 (e.g., directly orindirectly), but can be otherwise arranged. The power supply 38 can be aprimary battery, secondary battery (e.g., rechargeable battery), fuelcell, energy harvester (e.g., solar, wind, etc.), or be any othersuitable power supply. Examples of secondary batteries that can be usedinclude: a lithium chemistry (e.g., lithium ion, lithium ion polymer,etc.), nickel chemistry (e.g., NiCad, NiMH, etc.), or batteries with anyother suitable chemistry.

The aerial system(s) 12, and can optionally be used with a remotecomputing system, or with any other suitable system. The aerial system12 functions to fly, and can additionally function to take photographs,deliver loads, and/or relay wireless communications. The aerial system12 is preferably a rotorcraft (e.g., quadcopter, helicopter,cyclocopter, etc.), but can alternatively be a fixed-wing aircraft,aerostat, or be any other suitable aerial system 12. The aerial system12 can include a lift mechanism 40, a power supply 38, sensors 36, 44, aprocessing system 22, a communication system 24, a body 20, and/orinclude any other suitable component.

The lift mechanism 40 of the aerial system 12 functions to provide lift,and preferably includes a set of rotors driven (individually orcollectively) by one or more motors. Each rotor is preferably configuredto rotate about a corresponding rotor axis, define a corresponding rotorplane normal to its rotor axis, and sweep out a swept area on its rotorplane. The motors are preferably configured to provide sufficient powerto the rotors to enable aerial system flight, and are more preferablyoperable in two or more modes, at least one of which includes providingsufficient power for flight and at least one of which includes providingless power than required for flight (e.g., providing zero power,providing 10% of a minimum flight power, etc.). The power provided bythe motors preferably affects the angular velocities at which the rotorsrotate about their rotor axes. During aerial system flight, the set ofrotors are preferably configured to cooperatively or individuallygenerate (e.g., by rotating about their rotor axes) substantially all(e.g., more than 99%, more than 95%, more than 90%, more than 75%) ofthe total aerodynamic force generated by the aerial system 12 (possiblyexcluding a drag force generated by the body 20 such as during flight athigh airspeeds). Alternatively, or additionally, the aerial system 12can include any other suitable flight components that function togenerate forces for aerial system flight, such as jet engines, rocketengines, wings, solar sails, and/or any other suitable force-generatingcomponents.

In one variation, the aerial system 12 includes four rotors, eacharranged at a corner of the aerial system body. The four rotors arepreferably substantially evenly dispersed about the aerial system body,and each rotor plane is preferably substantially parallel (e.g., within10 degrees) a lateral plane of the aerial system body (e.g.,encompassing the longitudinal and lateral axes). The rotors preferablyoccupy a relatively large portion of the entire aerial system 12 (e.g.,90%, 80%, 75%, or majority of the aerial system footprint, or any othersuitable proportion of the aerial system 12). For example, the sum ofthe square of the diameter of each rotor can be greater than a thresholdamount (e.g., 10%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 110%, etc.) of the convex hull of theprojection of the aerial system 12 onto a primary plane of the system(e.g., the lateral plane). However, the rotors can be otherwisearranged.

The power supply 38 of the aerial system 12 functions to power theactive components of the aerial system 12 (e.g., lift mechanism'smotors, etc.). The power supply 38 can be mounted to the body 20 andconnected to the active components, or be otherwise arranged. The powersupply 38 can be a rechargeable battery, secondary battery, primarybattery, fuel cell, or be any other suitable power supply.

The sensors 36, 44 of the aerial system 12 function to acquire signalsindicative of the aerial system's ambient environment and/or aerialsystem operation. The sensors 36, 44 are preferably mounted to the body20, but can alternatively be mounted to any other suitable component.The sensors 36, 44 are preferably powered by the power supply 38 andcontrolled by the processor, but can be connected to and interact withany other suitable component. The sensors 36, 44 can include one ormore: cameras (e.g., CCD, CMOS, multispectral, visual range,hyperspectral, stereoscopic, etc.), orientation sensors (e.g., inertialmeasurement sensors, accelerometer, gyroscope, altimeter, magnetometer,etc.), audio sensors (e.g., transducer, microphone, etc.), barometers,light sensors, temperature sensors, current sensor (e.g., Hall effectsensor), air flow meter, voltmeters, touch sensors (e.g., resistive,capacitive, etc.), proximity sensors, force sensors (e.g., strain gaugemeter, load cell), vibration sensors, chemical sensors, sonar sensors,location sensor (e.g., GPS, GNSS, triangulation, etc.), or any othersuitable sensor. In one variation, the aerial system 12 includes a firstcamera mounted (e.g., statically or rotatably) along a first end of theaerial system body with a field of view intersecting the lateral planeof the body; a second camera mounted along the bottom of the aerialsystem body with a field of view substantially parallel the lateralplane; and a set of orientation sensors, such as an altimeter andaccelerometer. However, the system can include any suitable number ofany sensor type.

The processing system 22 of the aerial system 12 functions to controlaerial system operation. The processing system 22 can perform themethod; stabilize the aerial system 12 during flight (e.g., selectivelyoperate the rotors to minimize aerial system wobble in-flight); receive,interpret, and operate the aerial system 12 based on remote controlinstructions; or otherwise control aerial system operation. Theprocessing system 22 is preferably configured to receive and interpretmeasurements sampled by the sensors 36, 44, more preferably by combiningmeasurements sampled by disparate sensors (e.g., combining camera andaccelerometer data). The aerial system 12 can include one or moreprocessing systems, wherein different processors can perform the samefunctionality (e.g., function as a multi-core system), or bespecialized. The processing system 22 can include one or more:processors (e.g., CPU, GPU, microprocessor, etc.), memory (e.g., Flash,RAM, etc.), or any other suitable component. The processing system 22 ispreferably mounted to the body 20, but can alternatively be mounted toany other suitable component. The processing system 22 is preferablypowered by the power supply 38, but can be otherwise powered. Theprocessing system 22 is preferably connected to and controls the sensors36, 44, communication system 24, and lift mechanism 40, but canadditionally or alternatively be connected to and interact with anyother suitable component.

The communication system 24 of the aerial system 12 functions tocommunicate with one or more remote computing systems. The communicationsystem 24 can be a long-range communication module, a short-rangecommunication module, or any other suitable communication module. Thecommunication system 24 can facilitate wired and/or wirelesscommunication. Examples of the communication system 24 include an802.11x, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, NFC, RFID, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy,ZigBee, cellular telecommunications (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, etc.), radio(RF), wired connection (e.g., USB), or any other suitable communicationsystem 24 or combination thereof. The communication system 24 ispreferably powered by the power supply 38, but can be otherwise powered.The communication system 24 is preferably connected to the processingsystem 22, but can additionally or alternatively be connected to andinteract with any other suitable component.

The body 20 of the aerial system 12 functions to support the aerialsystem components. The body can additionally function to protect theaerial system components. The body 20 preferably substantiallyencapsulates the communication system 24, power supply 38, andprocessing system 22, but can be otherwise configured. The body 20 caninclude a platform, a housing, or have any other suitable configuration.In one variation, the body 20 includes a main body housing thecommunication system 24, power supply 38, and processing system 22, anda first and second frame (e.g., cage) extending parallel the rotorrotational plane and arranged along a first and second side of the mainbody 20. The frames can function as an intermediary component betweenthe rotating rotors and a retention mechanism (e.g., retention mechanismsuch as a user's hand). The frame can extend along a single side of thebody 20 (e.g., along the bottom of the rotors, along the top of therotors), along a first and second side of the body 20 (e.g., along thetop and bottom of the rotors), encapsulate the rotors (e.g., extendalong all sides of the rotors), or be otherwise configured. The framescan be statically mounted or actuatably mounted to the main body 20.

The frame can include one or more apertures (e.g., airflow apertures)fluidly connecting one or more of the rotors to an ambient environment,which can function to enable the flow of air and/or other suitablefluids between the ambient environment and the rotors (e.g., enablingthe rotors to generate an aerodynamic force that causes the aerialsystem 12 to move throughout the ambient environment). The apertures canbe elongated, or can have comparable length and width. The apertures canbe substantially identical, or can differ from each other. The aperturesare preferably small enough to prevent components of a retentionmechanism (e.g., fingers of a hand) from passing through the apertures.The geometrical transparency (e.g., ratio of open area to total area) ofthe frame near the rotors is preferably large enough to enable aerialsystem flight, more preferably enabling high-performance flightmaneuvering. For example, each aperture can be smaller than a thresholdsize (e.g., smaller than the threshold size in all dimensions, elongatedslots narrower than but significantly longer than the threshold size,etc.). In a specific example, the frame has a geometrical transparencyof 80-90%, and the apertures (e.g., circles, polygons such as regularhexagons, etc.) each of define a circumscribed circle with a diameter of12-16 mm. However, the body can be otherwise configured.

The body 20 (and/or any other suitable aerial system components) candefine a retention region that can be retained by a retention mechanism(e.g., a human hand, an aerial system dock, a claw, etc.). The retentionregion preferably surrounds a portion of one or more of the rotors, morepreferably completely surrounding all of the rotors, thereby preventingany unintentional interaction between the rotors and a retentionmechanism or other object near the aerial system 12. For example, aprojection of the retention region onto an aerial system plane (e.g.,lateral plane, rotor plane, etc.) can overlap (e.g., partially,completely, a majority of, at least 90% of, etc.) a projection of theswept area of one or more of the rotors (e.g., swept area of a rotor,total swept area of the set of rotors, etc.) onto the same aerial systemplane.

The aerial system 12 can additionally include inputs (e.g., microphones,cameras, etc.), outputs (e.g., displays, speakers, light emittingelements, etc.), or any other suitable component.

The remote computing system functions to receive auxiliary user inputs,and can additionally function to automatically generate controlinstructions for and send the control instructions to the aerialsystem(s) 12. Each aerial system 12 can be controlled by one or moreremote computing systems. The remote computing system preferablycontrols the aerial system 12 through a client (e.g., a nativeapplication, browser application, etc.), but can otherwise control theaerial system 12. The remote computing system can be a user device,remote server system, connected appliance, or be any other suitablesystem. Examples of the user device include a tablet, smartphone, mobilephone, laptop, watch, wearable device (e.g., glasses), or any othersuitable user device. The user device can include power storage (e.g., abattery), processing systems (e.g., CPU, GPU, memory, etc.), useroutputs (e.g., display, speaker, vibration mechanism, etc.), user inputs(e.g., a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone, etc.), a location system(e.g., a GPS system), sensors (e.g., optical sensors, such as lightsensors and cameras, orientation sensors, such as accelerometers,gyroscopes, and altimeters, audio sensors, such as microphones, etc.),data communication system (e.g., a Wi-Fi module, BLE, cellular module,etc.), or any other suitable component.

The system 10 may be configured for controller-free user droneinteraction. Normally, the aerial system, or drone, 12 requires aseparate device, e.g., the remote device 14. The remote device 14 may beembodied in different types of devices, including, but not limited to aground station, remote control, or mobile phone, etc. . . . In someembodiments, control of the aerial system 12 may be accomplished by theuser through user expression without utilization of the remote device14. User expression may include, but is not limited to, any actionperformed by the user that do not include physical interaction with theremote device 14, including thought (through brain wave measurement),facial expression (including eye movement), gesture and/or voice. Insuch embodiments, user instructions are received directly via theoptical sensors 36 and at least some of the other sensors 44 andprocessed by the onboard processing system 22 to control the aerialsystem 12.

In some embodiments, the aerial system 12 may alternatively becontrolled via the remote device 14.

In at least one embodiment, the aerial system 12 may be controlledwithout physical interaction with the remote device 14, however, adisplay of the remote device 14 may be used to display images and/orvideo relayed from the aerial system 12 which may aid the user 18 incontrolling the aerial system 12. In addition, sensors 36, 44 associatedwith the remote device 14, e.g., camera(s) and/or a microphone (notshow) may relay data to the aerial system 12, e.g., when the aerialsystem 12 is too far away from the user 18. The sensor data relayed fromthe remote device 14 to the aerial system 12 is used in the same manneras the sensor data from the on-board sensors 36, 44 are used to controlthe aerial system 12 using user expression.

In this manner, the aerial system 12 may be fully controlled, from startto finish, either (1) without utilization of a remote device 14, or (2)without physical interaction with the remote device 14. Control of theaerial system 12 based on user instructions received at various on-boardsensors 36, 44. It should be noted that in the following discussion,utilization of on-board sensors 36, 44 may also include utilization ofcorresponding or similar sensors on the remote device 14.

In general, the user 18 may utilize certain gestures and/or voicecontrol to control take-off, landing, motion of the aerial system 12during flight and other features, such as triggering of photo and/orvideo capturing. As discussed above, the aerial system 12 may providethe following features without utilization of, or processing by, aremote device 14:

-   -   Take-off and landing;    -   Owner recognition;    -   Facial recognition;    -   Speech recognition;    -   Facial expression and gesture recognition; and,    -   Control, e.g., motion, of the aerial system based on owner,        facial, expression and gesture recognition, and speech        recognition.

As detailed above, the aerial system 12 includes an optical system 26that includes one or more optical sensor 36, such as a camera. The atleast one on-board camera is configured for live video streaming andcomputer vision analysis. Optionally the aerial system 12 can have atleast one depth sensor (or stereo-vision pair) for multi-pixel depthsensing. Optionally the aerial system 12 can have at least onemicrophone on board for voice recognition and control.

In general, in order to provide full control of the aerial system 12, aplurality of user/drone interactions or activities from start to end ofan aerial session are provided. The user/drone interactions, include,but are not limited to take-off and landing, owner recognition gesturerecognition, facial expression recognition, and voice control.

With reference to FIG. 6, in another aspect of the present invention,the aerial system 12 may include an obstacle detection and avoidancesystem 50. In one embodiment, the obstacle detection and avoidancesystem 50 includes the pair of ultra-wide angle lens cameras 52A 52B. Aswill be described more fully below, the pair of cameras 52A, 52B, areequipped coaxially at the center top and center bottom of the fuselage(see below).

The method and/or system can confer several benefits over conventionalsystems. First, the images recorded by the camera are processedon-board, in real- or near-real time. This allows the robot to navigateusing the images recorded by the cameras.

The pair of cameras 52A, 52B are generally mounted or statically fixedto housing of the body 20. A memory 54 and a vision processor 56 areconnected to the pair of cameras 52A, 52B. The system functions tosample images of a monitored region for real- or near-real time imageprocessing, such as depth analysis. The system can additionally oralternatively generate 3D video, generate a map of the monitored region,or perform any other suitable functionality.

The housing functions to retain the pair of cameras 52A, 52B in apredetermined configuration. The system preferably includes a singlehousing that retains the pair of cameras 52A, 52B, but can alternativelyinclude multiple housing pieces or any other suitable number of housingpieces.

The pair of cameras 52A, 52B may function to sample signals of theambient environment surrounding the system 12. The pair of cameras 52A,52B are arranged with the respective view cone of each cameraoverlapping a view cone of the other camera (see below).

Each camera 52A, 52B can be a CCD camera, CMOS camera, or any othersuitable type of camera. The camera can be sensitive in the visiblelight spectrum, IR spectrum, or any other suitable spectrum. The cameracan be hyperspectral, multispectral, or capture any suitable subset ofbands. The cameras can have a fixed focal length, adjustable focallength, or any other suitable focal length. However, the camera can haveany other suitable set of parameter values. The cameras of the pluralitycan be identical or different.

Each camera is preferably associated with a known location relative to areference point (e.g., on the housing, a camera of the plurality, on thehost robot, etc.), but can be associated with an estimated, calculated,or unknown location. The pair of cameras 52A, 52B are preferablystatically mounted to the housing (e.g., through-holes in the housing),but can alternatively be actuatably mounted to the housing (e.g., by ajoint). The cameras can be mounted to the housing faces, edges,vertices, or to any other suitable housing feature. The cameras can bealigned with, centered along, or otherwise arranged relative to thehousing feature. The camera can be arranged with an active surfaceperpendicular a housing radius or surface tangent, an active surfaceparallel a housing face, or be otherwise arranged. Adjacent cameraactive surfaces can be parallel each other, at a non-zero angle to eachother, lie on the same plane, be angled relative to a reference plane,or otherwise arranged. Adjacent cameras preferably have a baseline(e.g., inter-camera or axial distance, distance between the respectivelenses, etc.) of 6.35 cm, but can be further apart or closer together.

The cameras 52A, 52B may be connected to the same visual processingsystem and memory, but can be connected to disparate visual processingsystems and/or memories. The cameras are preferably sampled on the sameclock, but can be connected to different clocks (e.g., wherein theclocks can be synchronized or otherwise related). The cameras arepreferably controlled by the same processing system, but can becontrolled by different processing systems. The cameras are preferablypowered by the same power source (e.g., rechargeable battery, solarpanel array, etc.; host robot power source, separate power source,etc.), but can be powered by different power sources or otherwisepowered.

The obstacle detection and avoidance system 50 may also include anemitter 58 that functions to illuminate a physical region monitored bythe cameras 52A, 52B. The system 50 can include one emitter 58 for oneor more of the cameras 52A, 52B, multiple emitters 58 for one or more ofthe cameras 52A, 52B, or any suitable number of emitters 58 in any othersuitable configuration. The emitter(s) 58 can emit modulated light,structured light (e.g., having a known pattern), collimated light,diffuse light, or light having any other suitable property. The emittedlight can include wavelengths in the visible range, UV range, IR range,or in any other suitable range. The emitter position (e.g., relative toa given camera) is preferably known, but can alternatively be estimated,calculated, or otherwise determined.

In a second variation, the obstacle detection and avoidance system 50operates as a non-contact active 3D scanner. The non-contact system is atime of flight sensor, including a camera and an emitter, wherein thecamera records reflections (of the signal emitted by the emitter) offobstacles in the monitored region and determines the distance betweenthe system 50 and the obstacle based on the reflected signal. The cameraand emitter are preferably mounted within a predetermined distance ofeach other (e.g., several mm), but can be otherwise mounted. The emittedlight can be diffuse, structured, modulated, or have any other suitableparameter. In a second variation, the non-contact system is atriangulation system, also including a camera and emitter. The emitteris preferably mounted beyond a threshold distance of the camera (e.g.,beyond several mm of the camera) and directed at a non-parallel angle tothe camera active surface (e.g., mounted to a vertex of the housing),but can be otherwise mounted. The emitted light can be collimated,modulated, or have any other suitable parameter. However, the system 50can define any other suitable non-contact active system. However, thepair of cameras can form any other suitable optical range findingsystem.

The memory 54 of the system 50 functions to store camera measurements.The memory can additionally function to store settings; maps (e.g.,calibration maps, pixel maps); camera positions or indices; emitterpositions or indices; or any other suitable set of information. Thesystem 50 can include one or more pieces of memory. The memory ispreferably nonvolatile (e.g., flash, SSD, eMMC, etc.), but canalternatively be volatile (e.g. RAM). In one variation, the cameras 52A,52B write to the same buffer, wherein each camera is assigned adifferent portion of the buffer. In a second variation, the cameras 52A,52B write to different buffers in the same or different memory. However,the cameras 52A, 52B can write to any other suitable memory. The memory54 is preferably accessible by all processing systems of the system(e.g., vision processor, application processor), but can alternativelybe accessible by a subset of the processing systems (e.g., a singlevision processor, etc.).

The vision processing system 56 of the system 50 functions to determinethe distance of a physical point from the system. The vision processingsystem 56 preferably determines the pixel depth of each pixel from asubset of pixels, but can additionally or alternatively determine theobject depth or determine any other suitable parameter of a physicalpoint or collection thereof (e.g., object). The vision processing system56 preferably processes the sensor stream from the cameras 52A, 52B

The vision processing system 56 may process each sensor stream at apredetermined frequency (e.g., 30 FPS), but can process the sensorstreams at a variable frequency or at any other suitable frequency. Thepredetermined frequency can be received from an application processingsystem 60, retrieved from storage, automatically determined based on acamera score or classification (e.g., front, side, back, etc.),determined based on the available computing resources (e.g., coresavailable, battery level remaining, etc.), or otherwise determined. Inone variation, the vision processing system 56 processes multiple sensorstreams at the same frequency. In a second variation, the visionprocessing system 56 processes multiple sensor streams at differentfrequencies, wherein the frequencies are determined based on theclassification assigned to each sensor stream (and/or source camera),wherein the classification is assigned based on the source cameraorientation relative to the host robot's travel vector.

The application processing system 60 of the system 50 functions todetermine the time multiplexing parameters for the sensor streams. Theapplication processing system 60 can additionally or alternativelyperform object detection, classification, tracking (e.g., optical flow),or any other suitable process using the sensor streams. The applicationprocessing system 60 can additionally or alternatively generate controlinstructions based on the sensor streams (e.g., based on the visionprocessor output). For example, navigation (e.g., using SLAM, RRT, etc.)or visual odometry processes can be performed using the sensor streams,wherein the system and/or host robot is controlled based on thenavigation outputs.

The application processing system 60 can additionally or alternativelyreceive control commands and operate the system 12 and/or host robotbased on the commands. The application processing system 60 canadditionally or alternatively receive external sensor information andselectively operate the system and/or host robot based on the commands.The application processing system 60 can additionally or alternativelydetermine robotic system kinematics (e.g., position, direction,velocity, and acceleration) based on sensor measurements (e.g., usingsensor fusion). In one example, the application processing system 60 canuse measurements from an accelerometer and gyroscope to determine thetraversal vector of the system and/or host robot (e.g., system directionof travel). The application processing system 60 can optionallyautomatically generate control instructions based on the robotic systemkinematics. For example, the application processing system 60 candetermine the location of the system (in a physical volume) based onimages from the cameras 52A, 52B, wherein the relative position (fromthe orientation sensors) and actual position and speed (determined fromthe images) can be fed into the flight control module. In this example,images from a downward-facing camera subset can be used to determinesystem translation (e.g., using optical flow), wherein the systemtranslation can be further fed into the flight control module. In aspecific example, the flight control module can synthesize these signalsto maintain the robot position (e.g., hover a drone).

The application processing system 60 can include one or more applicationprocessors. The application processor can be a CPU, GPU, microprocessor,or any other suitable processing system. The application processingsystem 60 can implemented as part of, or separate from, the visionprocessing system 56, or be different from the vision processing system56. The application processing system 60 may be connected to the visualprocessing system 56 by one or more interface bridges. The interfacebridge can be a high-throughput and/or bandwidth connection, and can usea MIPI protocol (e.g., 2-input to 1-output camera aggregatorbridges—expands number of cameras that can be connected to a visionprocessor), a LVDS protocol, a DisplayPort protocol, an HDMI protocol,or any other suitable protocol. Alternatively, or additionally, theinterface bridge can be a low-throughout and/or bandwidth connection,and can use a SPI protocol, UART protocol, I2C protocol, SDIO protocol,or any other suitable protocol.

The system can optionally include an image signal processing unit (ISP)62 that functions to pre-process the camera signals (e.g., images)before passing to vision processing system and/or application processingsystem. The ISP 62 can process the signals from all cameras, the signalsfrom the camera subset, or signals any other suitable source. The ISP 62can auto-white balance, correct field shading, rectify lens distortion(e.g., dewarp), crop, select a pixel subset, apply a Bayertransformation, demosaic, apply noise reduction, sharpen the image, orotherwise process the camera signals. For example, the ISP 62 can selectthe pixels associated with an overlapping physical region between twocameras from images of the respective streams (e.g., crop each image toonly include pixels associated with the overlapping region sharedbetween the cameras of a stereocamera pair). The ISP 62 can be a systemon a chip with multi-core processor architecture, be an ASIC, have ARMarchitecture, be part of the vision processing system, be part of theapplication processing system, or be any other suitable processingsystem.

The system can optionally include sensors 64 that function to samplesignals indicative of system operation. The sensor output can be used todetermine system kinematics, process the images (e.g., used in imagestabilization), or otherwise used. The sensors 64 can be peripheraldevices of the vision processing system 56, the application processingsystem 60, or of any other suitable processing system. The sensors 64are preferably statically mounted to the housing but can alternativelybe mounted to the host robot or to any other suitable system. Sensors 64can include: orientation sensors (e.g., IMU, gyroscope, accelerometer,altimeter, magnetometer), acoustic sensors (e.g., microphones,transducers), optical sensors (e.g., cameras, ambient light sensors),touch sensors (e.g., force sensors, capacitive touch sensor, resistivetouch sensor), location sensors (e.g., GPS system, beacon system,trilateration system), or any other suitable set of sensors.

The system can optionally include inputs (e.g., a keyboard, touchscreen,microphone, etc.), outputs (e.g., speakers, lights, screen, vibrationmechanism, etc.), communication system (e.g., a WiFi module, BLE,cellular module, etc.), power storage (e.g., a battery), or any othersuitable component.

The system is preferably used with a host robot that functions totraverse within a physical space. The host robot can additionally oralternatively receive remote control instructions and operate accordingto the remote control instructions. The host robot can additionallygenerate remote content or perform any other suitable functionality. Thehost robot can include one or more: communication modules, motivemechanisms, sensors, content-generation mechanisms, processing systems,reset mechanisms, or any other suitable set of components. The hostrobot can be a drone, vehicle, robot, security camera, or be any othersuitable remote-controllable system. The motive mechanism can include adrivetrain, rotors, jets, treads, rotary joint, or any other suitablemotive mechanism. The application processing system is preferably thehost robot processing system, but can alternatively be connected to thehost robot processing system or be otherwise related. In a specificexample, the host robot includes an aerial system (e.g., drone) with aWiFi module, a camera, and the application processing system. The systemcan be mounted to the top of the host robot (e.g., as determined basedon a gravity vector during typical operation), the bottom of the hostrobot, the front of the host robot, centered within the host robot, orotherwise mounted to the host robot. The system can be integrally formedwith the host robot, removably coupled to the host robot, or otherwiseattached to the host robot. One or more systems can be used with one ormore host robots.

In another aspect of the present invention, a (sub) system and method 70may be utilized to provide autonomous photography and/or videography tothe aerial system 12. The autonomous photography and/or videographysystem 70 may be implemented, at least in part, by the processing system22, the optical system 26, the actuation system 28 and the liftmechanism 32.

As will be discussed in more detail below, the autonomous photographyand/or videography system 70 is configured to establish a desired flighttrajectory, to detect a target, and to control the flight of the aerialsystem 12 as a function of the desired flight trajectory relative to thetarget using the lift mechanism. The autonomous photography and/orvideography system 70 is further configured to control the camera tocapture pictures and/or video.

Further, the autonomous photography and/or videography system 70 may beoperable to (1) automatically modify the camera angle and flighttrajectory with the target in the picture without any interactionbetween the user and any device; (2) automatically take photos or recordvideos without any interaction between the user and any device; and (3)automatically select good candidates of photos and/or video clips fromraw photo/video material for further user editing or automatic editingprocedures.

With reference to FIG. 7, in one embodiment the autonomous photographyand/or videography system 70 includes an auto-detection and trackingmodule 72, an auto-shooting module 74, an auto-selection module 76 andan auto-editing and sharing module 76. As stated above, the modules 72,74, 76, 78 may be implemented in part by a combination of softwareimplemented vision algorithms and hardware, e.g., the processing system22. From a user perspective, the modules 72, 74, 76, 78 may provide afully autonomous experience. Alternatively, one or more of the modules72, 74, 76, 78 may be used to provide a (less than fully autonomous)mode that allows the user to more easily take pictures or videos withthe aerial system 12.

After the aerial system 12 has launched, the auto-detection and trackingmodule 72 initiates a target detection process. The target detectionprocess will detect a target, such as a person or other item or object(see above).

After the target has been detected/located, the auto-detection andtracking module 72 modifies the angle of one of the optical sensors orcameras 36 of the optical system 26 using the actuation system 28 andmodifies the flight trajectory of the aerial system 12 based on aselected flight trajectory.

The optical sensor(s) 36 acts as a vision sensor for the auto-detectionand tracking module 72. The auto-detection and tracking module 72 mayutilize a target detection and tracking algorithm to detect and locatethe target from the video feed of the optical system 26 and aself-positioning fusion algorithm to integrate positioning data fromvarious sensors 44. By combining the information from theself-positioning sensor fusion algorithm and the target detection andtracking algorithm, the relative position and velocity of the target tothe aerial system 12 can be obtained.

In one embodiment, the target detection and tracking algorithm mayinclude one or more of the following techniques:

(a) Tracker based techniques: TLD-tracker, KCF-tracker, Struck-tracker,CNN-based-tracker, etc.

(b) Detector based techniques: face detection algorithms, likeHaar+Adaboost, face recognition algorithms, like EigenFace, human bodydetection algorithms, like HOG+SVM or DPM, CNN-based-object-detectionmethods, etc.

Additional sensor(s) may be attached to the target for even morereliable performance. For example, a GPS sensor and an inertialmeasurement unit (IMU) may be included in the tracker device attachingto the target. Then the information of the sensors may be transmittedvia a wireless method such as Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth to the main aerialsystem 12. The synchronized sensor info can be used as additionalsupplementary observation data for better assisting the vision basedtarget detection and tracking algorithms. The data can be used either ina filter based manner such as dumping the data into a EKF system, or ina supplementary manner such as using it as prior information forproviding better tracking accuracy of the vision based tracker.

In one embodiment, the self-positioning fusion algorithm may include anextended Kalman Filter (EKF) doing sensor filtering and fusion ofaccelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, barometer, optical flow sensor,GPS, proximity sensor, sonar/radar, TOF based range finder, etc;

The same or additional vision sensor(s) providing visual odometrycapability. The vision sensor is preferably having a known and fixedrelative pose to the body of the aerial system. A movable vision sensormay also be provided (as long as its relative pose to the body can beaccurately monitored and updated promptly). Extra inertial sensormeasurements are preferred but not required. If without synchronousreadings from inertial measurement unit (IMU), techniques such as visualSLAM, and SVO may be applied. If we do use the additional IMU info, thenVIO and VIN can be applied.

Once the (1) the aerial system self-positioning information by usingself-positioning sensor fusion techniques, (2) gimbal angle(s), and (3)2D target position from the vision sensor, have been established, anonline estimation of absolute position and velocity of the target, aswell as the position and velocity of the target relative to the aerialsystem, may be derived.

Then the system may apply proper control strategies to fly in a designedtrajectory while aiming the target in the meantime. Several differentcontrol strategies may be applied:

(a) The aerial system 12 may simply follow the target from behind,keeping a fixed distance (indefinitely or for a finite amount of time);

(b) The aerial system 12 may lead the target at the front while aimingthe target, keeping a fixed distance (indefinitely or for a finiteamount of time);

(c) The aerial system 12 may orbit around the target at a fixed distancewith a constant/varying speed (indefinitely or for a finite amount oftime);

(d) The aerial system 12 may move closer to or further away from certaincamera aiming angle, with a constant/varying speed, for a finite amountof time;

(e) The aerial system 12 may move in a certain direction (in worldcoordinates or in target coordinate) while the optical system 26 isaimed the target, with a constant/varying speed, for a finite amount oftime;

(f) The aerial system 12 may fix some degrees of freedom and only usesome of its DOFs to track and aim the target, for example, it may stayat a certain 3D position in the air, and only track and aim the targetby controlling its own yaw angle and the axes of its camera gimbal;

(g) A piece of trajectory and/or a series of control commands may beperformed by professional photographers and recorded as a candidate ofpre-defined trajectory. Data such as camera angle, relative distance andvelocity of the target to the aerial system, location of target in thescene, absolute position and velocity of the aerial system, etc. at eachtime stamp can be saved, then an online trajectory planning algorithmcan be applied to generate control commands to replicate the sametrajectory;

(h) A combination of any above control strategies (or other controlstrategies under same principle) in sequence, either in a pre-definedorder, or in a pseudo random order.

In one embodiment, one or more of these strategies may be presented tothe user and selected as a desired flight trajectory.

After the target has been identified, the auto-shooting module 74 willcontrol the optical system 26 to automatically begin obtaining picturesand/or video, i.e., “auto-shooting”. While auto-shooting, the aerialsystem 12 or drone will fly on a designed flight trajectory with thecamera angle automatically changing to maintain the target within thepictures and/or video. Auto-shooting may be based on several mechanisms:auto light condition optimization, face movement analysis, expressionanalysis, behavior analysis, pose analysis, condition analysis,composition analysis, and object analysis. From video-takingperspective, the aerial system 12 or drone may also automatically movein a wide range, both low and high, close and distant, lift and right,front and back and side, to make the video more vivid. The designatedflight trajectory may be dynamically determined based on predeterminedparameters and/or changing conditions based on sensor input. In otherwords, the drone or aerial system 12 could traverse a trajectory tosimulate or emulate operation of the camera in a manner similar to aprofessional photographer or videographer. Alternatively, the user canselect one or more trajectories from a set of pre-designed routes orpre-defined routes.

Further, in another aspect of the present invention, the auto-shootingmodule 74 has one or more modes. For example, in one embodiment, theauto-shooting module 74 may have one the following modes:

-   -   Mode 1: Taking a series of snapshots;    -   Mode 2: Taking a continuous video; or,    -   Mode 3: Taking a continuous video, at the same time taking a        series of snapshots.        The mode may be selected by the user and/or be associated with a        selected flight trajectory (see below).

The auto-selection module 76 selects pictures and/or video (segments)from among the obtained (or captured) pictures and/video based on a setof predetermined parameters. The selected pictures and/or video may beretained ad/or stored or alternatively, marked as being “selected”. Theset of predetermined parameters may include, but is not limited to:blurriness, exposure, and/or composition. For example, a blurrinessdetector may utilize a either a Laplacian of Gaussian filter or avariance of Laplacian filter or other suitable filter.

One example of vibration detector may utilize an inertial measurementunit or IMU (accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.) data, for a given sectionof data, pick a moving window time interval, calculate thevariance/standard deviation within this moving window, and compare it toa pre-defined threshold.

A lower frequency vibration filter, i.e. video stability filter, can berealized by checking the 2D trajectory of the main target in the view,or by checking the sensor detected camera angle traces. A stable videocan better keep the target in the view and/or keep a more stable cameraangle.

For pictures, pictures are selected and/or not-selected based on thepredetermined parameters. For videos, video segments may be selectedand/or not selected based on the predetermined parameters.Alternatively, the auto-selection module 76 may select sub-segments froma given video segment based on the predetermined parameters and crop(and save) the sub-segment(s) as a function of the predeterminedparameters.

In one aspect of the present invention, the auto-selection module 76 maybe implemented. This module can work on a drone or on a smart phone. Itis capable of automatically selecting photos or a truncated video clip(for example, 3-second/6-second/10-second video snippet), from a longerraw video material. Here are some rules for judging a piece offootage/video snippet: blurriness, video-stability, exposure,composition, etc. Technical points are as follows:

Over/under exposure detector: Calculate the exposure value at regions ofinterest, and check whether the values are below the lowerthreshold—underexposure/above the higher threshold—overexposure.

Composition: For each photo and video clip candidate, a target objectdetection or retrieve the recorded target object detection result may beperformed. The results may then be analyzed to determine if the photocomposition is “good” or “acceptable”, in other words, whether thetarget is at a good location in the photo/video frame. A straightforward rule can be that if the center of the bounding box of thedetected target is not within certain preferred area of the view, thenit is considered as a bad candidate. More sophisticated methodsleveraging deep learning may also be applied to check whether it is agood photo composition, such as: a number of Good or Acceptable photosand a number of Bad or Unacceptable photos are collected and analyzed.The collected photos are used to train a neural network to learn therules. Finally the trained network can be deployed on the device (droneor phone) to help selecting Good or Acceptable photos.

The auto-editing and sharing module 78 modifies, i.e., edits, theselected pictures and/or selected video (segments or sub-segments) basedon a set of predetermined editing parameters. The parameters may bemodified by the user, e.g., using templates. In another aspect of thepresent invention, the auto-editing and sharing module shares the selectand/or edited pictures and/or video segments with other users, devices,social networking or media sharing services. In still another aspect ofthe present invention, the auto-editing and sharing module 78 allowsusers to manually edit pictures and/or video.

With reference to FIG. 8, a method M10 for operating the aerial system12, according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. In afirst step S1, a desired flight trajectory is established. In general,the flight trajectory may be selected by the user from a set ofpredefined flight trajectories (see above). In a second step S2, atarget is detected. The flight of the drone, relative to the target, iscontrolled (step S3) and a camera angle of the optical system 26 (stepS4) is adjusted according to the desired flight trajectory, for example,to keep the target in frame, in a desired position in the frame and/oralong a path within the frame.

In a fifth step S5, pictures and/or video are automatically captured asthe drone is controlled over the desired flight trajectory.

In a sixth step S6, of the flight trajectory has been completed, thenthe method M10 ends. Otherwise, control returns to the third and fifthsteps.

Although omitted for conciseness, the preferred embodiments includeevery combination and permutation of the various system components andthe various method processes, wherein the method processes can beperformed in any suitable order, sequentially or concurrently.

As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detaileddescription and from the figures and claims, modifications and changescan be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention withoutdeparting from the scope of this invention defined in the followingclaims.

1. An aerial system, comprising: a body; a lift mechanism coupled to thebody; an optical system including an optical sensor mounted to the body,the optical sensor movable with respect to the body by an actuationsystem; and a processing system coupled to the lift mechanism, theoptical system, and the actuation system, the processing system includesa processor configured to: establish a desired flight trajectory; detecta target; establish a position and a velocity of the target relative tothe aerial system; control the flight of the aerial system to maintainthe aerial system at a distance from the target as a function of thedesired flight trajectory and the established position and velocity ofthe target using the lift mechanism; control the actuation system toautomatically adjust an angle of the optical sensor relative to the bodyto maintain the target within a field of view of the optical sensorduring the flight of the aerial system; and control the optical systemto capture pictures and/or video.
 2. An aerial system, as set forth inclaim 1, the system further including one or more position sensors,wherein the processing system is configured to integrate positioningdata from the position sensors to establish a position of the aerialsystem, the processing system further including an auto-detection andtracking module, the auto-detection and tracking module being configuredto: detect and locate the target from a video feed received from theoptical system; and, responsively establish the position and thevelocity of the target relative to the aerial system.
 3. An aerialsystem, as set forth in claim 2, wherein the target is a person and theauto-detection and tracking module utilizes facial recognition to detectand track the target.
 4. An aerial system, as set forth in claim 2,further including additional sensor(s) associated with the target, theadditional sensor(s) being configured to establish position dataassociated with the target to and to communicate the position data tothe processing system.
 5. An aerial system, as set forth in claim 1,wherein the desired flight trajectory is from a list of possible flighttrajectories.
 6. An aerial system, as set forth in claim 5, wherein thedesired flight trajectory is selected from the list of possible flighttrajectories by a user.
 7. An aerial system, as set forth in claim 5,wherein the processing system selects the desired flight trajectory fromthe list of possible flight trajectories.
 8. An aerial system, as setforth in claim 5, wherein the list of possible flight trajectoriesincludes one or more of the following: (a) a trajectory in which theaerial system follows the target from behind at a fixed distance,indefinitely or for a finite amount of time; (b) a trajectory in whichthe aerial system may lead the target at the front while aiming at thetarget, keeping a fixed distance, indefinitely or for a finite amount oftime; (c) a trajectory in which the aerial system orbits around thetarget at a fixed distance with a constant or varying speed,indefinitely or for a finite amount of time; (d) a trajectory in whichthe aerial system moves closer to or further away from the target at aspecified camera aiming angle, with a constant/varying speed, for afinite amount of time; (e) a trajectory in which the aerial system movesin a certain direction, in world coordinates or in target coordinates,while the optical system is aimed the target, with a constant/varyingspeed, for a finite amount of time; (f) a trajectory in which one ormore degrees of freedom associated with the aerial system are heldconstant and other degrees of freedom are used to track the target; (g)a trajectory which has been pre-recorded by a user; and, (h) atrajectory comprising of any of the above trajectories, in apre-defined, random, or pseudo-random sequence.
 9. An aerial system, asset forth in claim 1, wherein the processing system includes anauto-selection module, the auto-selection module being configured toautomatically select picture(s) and/or video and/or truncated videoclip(s) based on predetermined criteria.
 10. An aerial system, as setforth in claim 9, wherein the predetermined criteria includes over/underexposure and/or composition.
 11. An aerial system, as set forth in claim10, wherein the processing system includes an auto-editing module, theauto-editing module being configured to edit the selected picture(s),video, and/or video clip(s) based on predetermined editing parameters.12. A method for operating an aerial system, the aerial system includinga body, a lift mechanism, an optical system, and a body, the opticalsystem including an optical sensor mounted to the body and movable withrespect to the body by an actuation system, method including the stepsof: establishing, by the processing system, a desired flight trajectory;detecting a target; establishing, by the processing system, a positionand a velocity of the target relative to the aerial system; controlling,by the processing system, the flight of the aerial system to maintainthe aerial system at a distance from the target as a function of thedesired flight trajectory and the established position and velocity ofthe target using the lift mechanism; controlling, by the processingsystem, the actuation system to automatically adjust an angle of theoptical sensor relative to the body to maintain the target within afield of view of the optical sensor during the flight of the aerialsystem; and, controlling, by the processing system, the optical systemto capture pictures and/or video.
 13. A method system, as set forth inclaim 12, including the steps of: integrating positioning data fromposition sensors to establish a position of the aerial system; detectingand locating the target from a video feed received from the opticalsystem; and, responsively establishing the position and the velocity ofthe target relative to the aerial system.
 14. A method, as set forth inclaim 13, wherein the target is a person and the step of detecting andtracking the target utilizes facial recognition.
 15. A method, as setforth in claim 13, further including the steps of establishing positiondata associated with the target using additional sensor(s) associatedwith the target to and communicating the position data to the aerialsystem.
 16. A method aerial system, as set forth in claim 12, whereinthe desired flight trajectory is from a list of possible flighttrajectories.
 17. A method, as set forth in claim 16, wherein thedesired flight trajectory is selected from the list of possible flighttrajectories by a user.
 18. A method, as set forth in claim 16, whereinthe aerial system automatically selects the desired flight trajectoryfrom the list of possible flight trajectories.
 19. A method, as setforth in claim 16, wherein the list of possible flight trajectoriesincludes one or more of the following: (a) a trajectory in which theaerial system follows the target from behind at a fixed distance,indefinitely or for a finite amount of time; (b) a trajectory in whichthe aerial system may lead the target at the front while aiming at thetarget, keeping a fixed distance, indefinitely or for a finite amount oftime; (c) a trajectory in which the aerial system orbits around thetarget at a fixed distance with a constant or varying speed,indefinitely or for a finite amount of time; (d) a trajectory in whichthe aerial system moves closer to or further away from the target at aspecified camera aiming angle, with a constant/varying speed, for afinite amount of time; (e) a trajectory in which the aerial system movesin a certain direction, in world coordinates or in target coordinates,while the optical system is aimed the target, with a constant/varyingspeed, for a finite amount of time; (f) a trajectory in which one ormore degrees of freedom associated with the aerial system are heldconstant and other degrees of freedom are used to track the target; (g)a trajectory which has been pre-recorded by a user; and, (h) atrajectory comprising of any of the above trajectories, in apre-defined, random, or pseudo-random sequence.
 20. A method, as setforth in claim 12, including the step of automatically selectingpicture(s) and/or video and/or truncated video clip(s) based onpredetermined criteria.
 21. A method, as set forth in claim 20, whereinthe predetermined criteria includes over/under exposure and/orcomposition.
 22. A method, as set forth in claim 21, including the stepof automatically editing the selected picture(s), video, and/or videoclip(s) based on predetermined editing parameters.